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Volvo VIN decoder

Volvo Cars is a Swedish carmaker headquartered in Gothenburg. China's Geely Holding bought it from Ford in 2010, and although Volvo Cars has been listed on Nasdaq Stockholm since October 2021, Geely still holds a large majority of the shares. Volvo builds SUVs, sedans and estates, sold in the XC, S, V and EX ranges. Volvo-badged trucks and buses come from a separate company, the Volvo Group.

Decode a Volvo VIN

Enter all 17 characters to see the build details NHTSA holds and the recalls for that model year.

  • 82 model pages
  • 335 recall campaigns
  • 9,764 owner complaints
  • model years 1995–2027
  • 15 WMI codes in vPIC
  • origin: Sweden

Volvo at a glance

NHTSA data
Volvo: key facts from NHTSA data
Country of originSweden
RegionEurope
NHTSA recall and complaint dataYes, model years 1995–2027
WMI codes in NHTSA vPIC15
Model pages82
Other model names in NHTSA data27
Vehicle recall campaigns335
Owner complaints9,764
Complaints reporting a crash495 (5.1%)
Complaints reporting a fire242 (2.5%)
Complaints reporting an injury359 (3.7%)
Complaints reporting a death8 (0.1%)
Data updatedSeptember 25, 2026

About Volvo VINs

Volvo Cars builds vehicles at Torslanda in Gothenburg, at Ghent in Belgium, which builds the EX30, and at Ridgeville in South Carolina, which opened in 2018 and builds the EX90 as well as the Polestar 3. It also has plants in China, including Chengdu, Daqing and Luqiao. NHTSA's vPIC database lists Swedish, U.S. and Chinese codes for the brand.

The first Volvos arrived in the United States in 1955. The brand is still sold there, and in May 2026 Volvo Cars received U.S. approval under the Connected Vehicle Rule. NHTSA holds recall campaigns and owner complaints for U.S.-market Volvos, and this page summarises them by model. The notes below explain Volvo's WMIs and how European-market Volvo VINs differ.

NHTSA’s files hold 335 vehicle recall campaigns and 9,764 owner complaints for Volvo vehicles from model years 1995 to 2027, summarised here on 82 model pages. The XC90 has the most complaints (1,521), followed by the S60 (1,264) and the S80 (954). Of those complaints, 495 report a crash, 242 a fire, 359 at least one injury and 8 at least one death; the figures count complaints, not people.

Volvo WMI codes

Source: NHTSA vPIC · 15 codes

The World Manufacturer Identifier is the first three characters of the VIN. NHTSA’s vPIC database decodes 15 WMIs to Volvo; this is the complete list, with the manufacturer name, country and vehicle type vPIC records for each.

Volvo WMIs in NHTSA vPIC (first 10 of 15)
Volvo WMIs in NHTSA vPIC (first 10 of 15)
WMIManufacturer (vPIC)CountryVehicle type
3CEVOLVO GROUP MEXICO, S.A. DE C.V.MexicoBus
4VJVOLVO GROUP NORTH AMERICA, LLCUnited StatesTruck
7JDVOLVO CAR USA, LLCUnited StatesMultipurpose Passenger Vehicle (MPV)
7JRVOLVO CAR USA, LLCUnited StatesPassenger Car
9BVVOLVO DO BRASIL VEICULOS LTDABrazilTruck
LVYDAQING VOLVO CAR MANUFACTURING CO LTDChinaPassenger Car
LYVDAQING VOLVO CAR MANUFACTURING CO LTDChinaMultipurpose Passenger Vehicle (MPV)
YB1VOLVO EUROPA TRUCK NVBelgiumIncomplete Vehicle
YB3VOLVO EUROPA TRUCK NVBelgiumIncomplete Vehicle
YV1VOLVO CAR CORPORATIONSwedenPassenger Car
Show the other 5 WMIs
Volvo WMIs in NHTSA vPIC, continued (5 more)
Volvo WMIs in NHTSA vPIC, continued (5 more)
WMIManufacturer (vPIC)CountryVehicle type
YV2VOLVO CAR CORPORATIONSwedenIncomplete Vehicle
YV3VOLVO CAR CORPORATIONSwedenBus
YV4VOLVO CAR CORPORATIONSwedenMultipurpose Passenger Vehicle (MPV)
YV5VOLVO CAR CORPORATIONSwedenIncomplete Vehicle
YV6VOLVO CAR CORPORATIONSwedenTrailer

See the WMI code guide for how the codes are assigned.

Volvo models in NHTSA data

82 model pages · by complaints

Each model page lists NHTSA’s recall campaigns and owner complaints for that model name, by model year and component. Models are sorted by complaints; the data covers model years 1995–2027.

Volvo models with the most NHTSA complaints (30 of 82)
Volvo models with the most NHTSA complaints (30 of 82)
ModelModel yearsRecall campaignsComplaints
XC902003–2025351,521
S602000–2025401,264
S801999–201627954
V701996–201622933
XC602009–202536647
S701995–20026593
S402000–201112491
XC702001–201619417
8501995–20004413
V70XC1998–20074411
XC402017–202513215
C701998–201310195
9601995–19971137
VNL1995–202587127
VNL64T1998–2004–123
7701998–2001–108
VN6101997–2001–102
VN7701998–2001–95
EX902025–2026377
V402000–2013572
S901997–20251368
V602011–20251657
VN1996–20274755
Truck1995–2002555
C302007–2013449
V502004–2011842
C40BEV2022–2025640
C70 Convertible1998–2002137
9401995–1998–30
WIA64TES1995–1997–29
Show 52 more Volvo models
Other Volvo models in NHTSA data, by complaints (52)
Other Volvo models in NHTSA data, by complaints (52)
ModelModel yearsRecall campaignsComplaints
V60CC2011–20251326
WIA1995–20021125
V90CC2017–2025921
8541995–1997421
8551995–2000417
V901997–2022816
WXR1995–2002616
VHD1999–20276115
S40N2004–2010115
XC60MHEV2023–2026214
VNM1995–20174511
EX302025–2026310
WG1995–2002227
VNL (4)2023–2027187
XC60PHEV2020–202625
9651995–199734
XC90PHEV2020–202624
XC90MHEV202614
VT2005–2014163
WXLL1995–2004113
9641995–199733
EX402025–202633
S60CC2011–201833
VH2003–200623
ACL1995–2000182
VNR2018–2025172
WAH1995–2000102
V60CCMHEV202612
WX1995–2004231
VAH2007–2026201
WCA1995–200291
S90PHEV2020–202521
XC40BEV2021–202421
EX30 CC202611
S60I2011–201711
VNR (4)2025–20278–
VNRE (Electric)2019–20257–
FE1995–19986–
VNX2015–20205–
EC4020253–
S60L2014–20202–
S60PHEV2020–20252–
V60PHEV2020–20252–
WHL1995–19962–
WHR1995–19962–
AC19991–
Autocar1995–19981–
NE19951–
S80L2009–20151–
V90CCMHEV20261–
VHD84B2004–20051–
WSR20011–

– means NHTSA has no records of that kind under the model name.

Other Volvo models in NHTSA data

NHTSA also lists these Volvo model names, but with no recall campaign and fewer than 25 complaints each, so they have no page of their own: 200, 420, 600 Series, 660, 700, 700 Series, 740, 780, 900, C70N, C90, Cottrell, Cross Country, Heavy Truck, S90MHEV, V70AWD, VN660, VNL430, VNL630, VNL770, WCL, WHEB, WHTGM, Wiates, X70, XC40MHEV, XC90H.

How to read a Volvo VIN

VIN notes

Which WMI codes does Volvo Cars use?

A Volvo car's WMI tells you which of the company's regional entities built it. NHTSA's vPIC database lists Swedish codes for Volvo Car Corporation, U.S. codes for Volvo Car USA and Chinese codes for Daqing Volvo Car Manufacturing, each split into passenger cars and multipurpose passenger vehicles (MPVs), the U.S. class for SUVs.

Volvo Cars WMIs listed in NHTSA vPIC (checked September 2026)
Volvo Cars WMIs listed in NHTSA vPIC (checked September 2026)
WMIManufacturer (NHTSA vPIC)CountryVehicle type
YV1Volvo Car CorporationSwedenPassenger car
YV4Volvo Car CorporationSwedenMPV (SUV class)
7JRVolvo Car USA, LLCUnited StatesPassenger car
7JDVolvo Car USA, LLCUnited StatesMPV (SUV class)
LVYDaqing Volvo Car Manufacturing Co., Ltd.ChinaPassenger car
LYVDaqing Volvo Car Manufacturing Co., Ltd.ChinaMPV (SUV class)

vPIC also lists dozens of truck and bus codes under Volvo Group companies, such as Volvo Group North America. Those belong to the commercial-vehicle business, not to Volvo Cars, and a VIN starting with one of them is not a Volvo car. The WMI code guide explains how prefixes are allocated.

Do European-market Volvo VINs follow U.S. rules?

Volvos built for the U.S. follow 49 CFR Part 565, with a check digit in position 9 and a model-year code in position 10. Volvos built for Europe before July 2022 came under rules that mirrored ISO 3779, which leaves positions 4 to 9 to the manufacturer and requires no check digit; the EU has required one for new vehicle types since 6 July 2022, but a year code is still optional. An older European-market Volvo VIN may therefore fail the U.S. check-digit formula without being altered, and any year character in it should be checked against the registration document.

Germany's Federal Motor Transport Authority (KBA) lists YV1, YV4, 7JR, LVY and LYV under Volvo Car Corporation of Gothenburg, together with LPS, a code that NHTSA's vPIC records with the Polestar make. The European VIN decoding guide explains what can be read from a European VIN.

Volvo, Polestar and Geely

Volvo Cars is majority-owned by China's Geely Holding and shares technology with Polestar. Geely is also a partner in Smart. Each brand's VINs start with its own WMIs.

Volvo VIN questions

4 questions

Why does my Volvo's VIN start with 7JR or 7JD?

Both are WMIs that NHTSA's vPIC database lists under Volvo Car USA, LLC: 7JR for passenger cars and 7JD, added in June 2024, for MPV-class vehicles such as SUVs. The 7 is one of the characters allocated to the United States.

Will a European-market Volvo decode fully here?

Often only partly. Our decoder uses NHTSA's vPIC data, which is most complete for vehicles built for North America. The WMI will identify Volvo Cars, but model and engine fields for a European-market car may be empty.

Does this page show Volvo recalls?

It shows NHTSA recall campaigns and owner complaints for Volvo car models sold in the U.S., grouped by model and model year. To check one vehicle, enter its VIN at nhtsa.gov/recalls or contact a Volvo retailer.

Can a Volvo VIN show accident or ownership history?

No. A decode reads manufacturing information only. Title, accident and ownership records come from licensed history providers and are not part of this site.

Related brands

(n) = model pages · (—) = no U.S. data

Brands mentioned in the notes above, then other European brands, each with its own VIN notes and WMI list.

  • Polestar (3) Sweden · 17 recall campaigns
  • Smart (7) Germany · 7 recall campaigns
  • Alfa Romeo (6) Italy · 34 recall campaigns
  • Aston Martin (21) United Kingdom · 35 recall campaigns
  • Audi (66) Germany · 214 recall campaigns
  • Bentley (29) United Kingdom · 55 recall campaigns

All 59 brands »

Data: NHTSA recalls and complaints flat files and NHTSA vPIC, updated September 25, 2026.